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QUIZ
1) In the Code of Ethics for Philippine Psychologists, limits of confidentiality is discussed with the
client when it is applied to which particular condition/s:
- regulated laws
- institutional rules
- professional or scientific relationship
- a minor client the guardians/legal representative is informed
a) 1 & 2
b) 4
c) 3
d) all of the above
2) In resolving ethical issues, the Code of Ethics for Philippine Psychologists allows for reporting ethical violations
a) when there's a substantial harm it will be reported to authorities but it does not apply when an intervention violates confidentiality rights of another psychologist
b) when there's a substantial harm it will be reported to authorities
c) when an intervention violates confidentiality rights of another psychologist
d) when there's a potential but slight harm it should be reported to authorities even if the intervention violates confidentiality rights of another psychologist
3) The Code of Ethics for Philippine Psychologists stipulates that in sharing research data for verification
data should not be withold to competent professionals wanting to do verification and reanalyze
research results and claims of the published research, provided which of the following should not be observed:
- the researcher obtain prior written agreement for the use of data;
- the researcher intends to use the data for other purposes not declared;
- the researcher will be responsible for costs associated with the release of data;
- confidentiality of participants can be protected.
a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 1
4) The Code of Ethics for Philippine Psychologists provides for grounds to disclose confidential information without consent as mandated/permitted by law:
- when payments for psychological services are needed to be obtained from a paying client for services as agreed (see also section VI)
- when the client, psychologist, or others are needed to be protected from harm
- appropriate professional consultations are needed to be obtained
- professional services are needed to be provided
1) all of the above
2) 3
3) 2
4) 1
5) Multiple Relationships are described in The Code of Ethics for Philippine Psychologists when
- it impairs objectivity and competence
- promises to enter into a future relationship with that client/patient or a person closely associated with or related to that client/patient.
- the psychologist is advised to enter into such an arrangement only when it is unavoidable
- the psychologist is in a relationship with a person closely associated with or related to the person with whom the psychologist has the professional relationship
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 1, 2 & 3
Email as your answers to get the correct answers.
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EXCERPTS
The Code of Ethics for Philippine Psychologists
I. RESOLVING ETHICAL ISSUES
A. Misuse of Psychologist's Works - Ethics committee (EthicsCom) will
take reasonable actions
B. Conflicts between Ethics and Law, Regulations or other Governing
legal Authority - final resolution of conflict EthicsCom adhere to the law
C. Conflicts between Ethics and Organizational Demands - EthicsCom will
adhere to the code in resolving conflict
D. Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations - recognition of
confidentiality rights of psychologist involved, EthicsCom will raise thru informal resolution
E. Reporting Ethical Violations – (same with US Tarasoff Case)
- if there's a substantial harm it
will be reported to authorities but it does not apply when an intervention
violates confidentiality rights of another psychologist
F. Cooperating with Ethics Committee -
EthicsCom will cooperate on investigation, etc.
G. Improper Complaints - discourages filing of ethical complaints
without support of factual evidence
H. Unfair Discrimination Against Complainants and Respondents - will
not practice discrimination and will take appropriate actions on cases of
discrimination.
II. COMPETENCIES
E. Delegation of Work to
Others -delegating work to employees, supervisees or research or
teaching assistant or when using
services of others - such as interpreters - ensures
a) avoid multiple
relationship
b) only
trained/educated person perform tasks
c) competent service
III. HUMAN RELATIONS
A. Unfair Discrimination - not to discriminate on person - age, gender,
gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, religions, etc.
B. Sexual Harassment - defined by Philippine Anti-Sexual Harassment Act
(RA 7877)
C. Other Harassment - not harass and demean persons
D. Avoiding Harm - take reasonable steps to avoid harming people and
minimize harm when it's unavoidable
E. Multiple Relationships - refrain entering
into a multiple relationship that impairs objectivity/competence
- defined as - psychologist is in a professional role with a person and
at the same time:
a) another role with
the same person
b) in a relationship
with a person closely associated with or related to the person with whom the
psychologist has the professional
relationship or
c) promises to enter
into a future relationship with that client/patient or a person closely
associated
with
or related to that client/patient.
- Ethics Code will be applied when such
multiple relationship is harmful
- clarify/inform
authorities on role expectations and
confidentiality
F. Conflict of
Interest - avoid taking
professional role when - a) there's impairment of objectivity, competence or
effectiveness and b) exposes the person or organization with whom professional
relationship exists - harm or exploitation
G. Third-Party Requests for Services - agree to provide services but
relationship with those involved are clarified - expected role, who the client,
uses of the services or info obtained and limits to confidentiality
H. Exploitative Relationships - avoid exploitation of person under
authority and supervision
I. Cooperation with Other Professionals - maximize cooperation with
other professional to server better clients
J. Informed
Consent - should be obtained :
a) Conditions -
conducting research, providing assessment, therapy, counseling or consulting
service
b) Means - in person
or electronic transmission or other forms of communication
c) Language -
reasonably understandable
d) Exceptions -
mandated by law or governmental regulations or as other provided in the Code of
Ethics
e) For persons
legally incapable - provide explanation, seek assent, consider preferences and
best
interest of the person, obtain appropriate permission
from legally authorized person. When
consent not permitted or required by law -
reasonable steps to protect the individual's rights and
welfare is considered
f) Court
orders/mandated - individuals are informed about it and the limits of
confidentiality
g) Appropriately
document written or oral consent, permission or assent.
IV. CONFIDENTIALITY
A. Maintaining Confidentiality - safeguard and secure information and
not accessible to other persons
B. Limitations of
Confidentiality
1) limits of confidentiality is discussed with client:
a) regulated laws
b) institutional
rules
c) professional or
scientific relationship
d) minors -
guardians/legal representative is informed
2) discuss with client anticipated uses of the information they will
disclose
3) information is released only to appropriate individuals or
authorities - imminent danger to individual and community (US Tarasoff Case)
- in court limited only to court request
4) if through electronic transmission - client is informed of the risks
to privacy
C. Recording
- obtain permission when doing a voice/image recording and explain anticipated uses of such
recording
D. Minimizing Invasions of Privacy
- when consulting others only relevant information are revealed
- confidential information obtained from work discussed only with those
concerned - scientific/ medical/ professional purpose
E. Disclosures
1) disclosed info are not misused, misunderstood or misinterpreted to
infringe on human rights
2) confidential info are disclosed when there's consent (unless
prohibited by law)
3) disclosed to source or referral - with written consent of client
4) Grounds to disclose confidential information without consent as
mandated/permitted by law:
a) professional
services are needed to be provided
b) appropriate
professional consultations are needed to be obtained
c) when the client,
psychologist, or others are needed to be protected from harm; and,
d) when payments for
psychological services are needed to be obtained from a
client who does not
pay for services as agreed (see also section VI).
5) confidential information is needed to be shared with schools,
organizations, social agencies or industry ensuring only qualified psychologists will supervise
such releases.
6) Information gathered from school, hospital, office or organization
becomes part of the institution where it was obtained. Release of such
information becomes confidential and may be acquired only with prior approval
from management.
F. Consultation - confidential information are not discussed with
colleagues - unless client gave consent / disclosure unavoided
- seeking second opinion from colleagues - information disclosed is
limited to what is only needed
G. Use of Confidential Information for Other Purposes - never reveal identity of clients in
writings, lectures, classroom discussion or other public media unless it is
consented in writing reasonable steps is taken to disguise client
VII. ASSESSMENT
A. Bases for Assessment
- substantial information and appropriate assessment techniques - (reports, recommendations, diagnostic/evaluative statements)
- adequate assessment procedures (psychological characteristics of person)
- instance of providing opinions on individuals without examination - limitation of such opinion is discussed
B. Informed Consent in
Assessment
1) when informed consent is not observed
a) mandated by law
b) implied - routine
educational/institutional/organizational activity
c) determine
individual's decisional capacity
2) clients (immediate family members or legal guardians) are educated about - nature of services, financial
arrangements, potential risks, and limits of
confidentiality.
3. third party interpreter is needed, the confidentiality of test
results and the security of the tests must be
ensured (limitations of the obtained data are
discussed in results, conclusions, and recommendations.
C. Assessment Tools
1. select and administer only those tests which are pertinent to the
reasons for referral and purpose of the
assessment.
2. data collection, methods and procedures that are consistent with
current scientific and professional
developments.
3. tests that are standardized, valid, reliable, and has a normative
data directly referable to the population of
our clients.
4. administer assessment tools
that are appropriate to the language, competence and other relevant
characteristics of the client.
D. Obsolete and Outdated Test Results
- interpretations, conclusions,
and recommendations are not based on outdated test results and obsolete
tests.
E. Interpreting Assessment Results
1. considers validity,
reliability, and appropriateness of the test
2. considers the purpose of the assessment and other factors such as
the client’s test taking abilities,
characteristics, situational, personal, and
cultural differences
F. Release of Test Data
1. ensure that test results and
interpretations are used by persons
agreed upon by the referral sources prior
to the assessment procedure
2. test data not released in the
forms of raw and scaled scores, client’s responses to test questions or
stimuli,
and notes regarding the client’s statements
and behaviors during the examination unless regulated by the
court.
G. Explaining Assessment Results
1. test results released only to the sources of referral and with a
written permission from the client if it is a self
referral.
2. test results have to be communicated through a non-technical
language.
3. explain findings and test results to our clients or designated
representatives except when the relationship
precludes the provision of explanation of
results and it is explained in advanced to the client.
4. supervised release when test results needs to be shared with
schools, social agencies, the courts or industry
H. Test Security - administration and handling of all test materials
(manuals, keys, answer sheets, reusable booklets, etc.) handled only by
qualified users or personnel.
I. Assessment by Unqualified Persons
- do not promote the use of
assessment tools and methods by unqualified persons except for training
purposes with adequate supervision.
- ensure that test protocols,
their interpretations and all other records are kept secured from unqualified
persons.
J. Test Construction
- use of current scientific findings and knowledge, appropriate
psychometric properties, validation, and
standardization procedures.
X. RESEARCH
A. Rights and Dignity of
Participants
1. respect the rights, safeguard the dignity, and protect and promote
the welfare of research participants.
2. obtain essential information
about their mores, culture, social structure, customs, and traditions of the
community
3. respect and abide by their cultural expectations, provided that this
does not contravene any of the ethical
principles of this Code of Ethics.
4. respect the rights of research participants should they wish to
discontinue their participation at any time
5. do not contribute nor engage in research which contravenes
international humanitarian law, such as
development of methods intended to torture persons, development
of prohibited weapons, or destruction
of the environment.
6. ask participants about any factors that could bring forth potential
harm, such as pre-existing medical
conditions, and to detect, remove, or correct
any foreseeable undesirable consequences prior to research
proper.
7. ensure that participants’ rights are protected, we seek independent
and sufficient ethical review of the
possible risks our research
may pose to them.
B. Informed Consent to
Research
1. recognize that informed consent happens due to the willingness of
the participants to work collaboratively with us (ask participants to sign in
the consent form)
2. consent form is translated in language or dialect that the
participants understand and guarantee that the information was understood.
3. research with persons below 18 years of age, informed assent is
obtained from them and informed consent from their parents or legal guardian.
4. research with adult
participants who have difficulties in comprehension or communication, informed
consent from adult family members of the participants and approval from
independent advisors are obtained.
5. conduct research with detained persons, we pay attention to special circumstances
which could affect the latter’s ability to give informed consent.
6. obtaining informed consent as required in section III.J. of the Code
of Ethics, research participants are informed about:
a. the purpose of
research, expected duration, and procedures;
b. mutual
responsibilities;
c. their right to
decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once participation has
begun;
d. the foreseeable
consequences of declining or withdrawing;
e. reasonably
foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness
to participate such
as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects;
f. how to rescind
consent if desired;
g. any prospective
research benefits;
h. protections and
limits of confidentiality and/or anonymity;
i. incentives for
participation; and,
j. whom to contact
for questions about the research and research participants’ rights.
7. conducting intervention research using experimental treatments,
clarify to participants at the beginning of research the following:
a. experimental
nature of the treatment
b. services that
will or will not be available to the control group(s) if appropriate;
c. means by which
assignment to treatment and control groups will be made;
d. available
treatment alternatives if an individual does not wish to participate in the
research or wishes to withdraw once a study
has begun; and,
e. compensation for
or monetary costs of participating, and if appropriate, including
whether reimbursement from the participant
or a third-party payor will be sought.
8. longitudinal research - obtain informed consent on
more than one occasion.
C. Informed Consent for
Recording Voices and Images in Research
1. obtain informed consent from
research participants before recording their
voices or images for data collection, except when:
a. the research
consists only of naturalistic observations in public places, and it is
not anticipated that
the recording will be used in a manner that could cause
personal
identification or harm; and,
b. the research
design includes deception, and consent for the use of the recording is
obtained during
debriefing.
D. Research Participation of
Client, Students and Subordinates
1. conduct of research with clients, students or subordinates - not coerce them to participate
- inform them about their right not to
participate/ not reprimand or penalize them
2. research participation is a course requirement or an
opportunity for extra credit - inform clients, students or subordinates about
equitable alternative activities that could fulfill their educational or employment goals.
E. Dispensing with Informed
Consent for Research
1. dispense informed consent only on the following conditions:
a. when we believe that the research would not distress or create harm
to participants or general welfare or when our study involves:
i. the study or normal educational practices,
curricula, or classroom management methods conducted in educational settings;
ii.
only anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic observations, or archival research
for which disclosure of responses would not place participants at risk of
criminal or civil liability or damage their financial standing, employability,
or reputation, and confidentiality is protected;
iii.
the study of factors related to job or organization effectiveness conducted in
organizational settings which would not affect the participants’ employability, and confidentiality is
protected; or,
b. when it is mandated by law or is an institutional regulation.
F. Offering Inducements for
Research Participation
1. fairly compensate participants for the use of their time, energy,
and knowledge, unless such compensation is refused in advance.
2. make reasonable efforts not to offer undue, excessive or,
inappropriate reward, financial or other inducements for research
participation, which could likely pressure or coerce participation.
3. offered psychological and professional services as an incentive for
research participation - duty to clarify the nature of the services, including
the risks, obligations and limitations.
G. Deception in Research
1. refrain from conducting research involving deception, except:
a. when we have
determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the
study’s significant
prospective scientific, educational, medical, or applied value; and,
b. when effective
non-deceptive alternative procedures are not possible.
2. not to deceive prospective research participants about our study
that is reasonably expected to interfere their decision to give informed
consent.
- not withheld from the participants - level of risk, discomfort, or inconvenience that could
cause physical pain or severe emotional distress
3. duty to explain any deception as an integral feature of
design and conduct of an experiment to those who participated in research as
soon as possible, preferably at the end of their participation but not later
than the end of data gathering.
H. Debriefing
1. debrief by informing the participants that they have contributed to
the body of knowledge and we make sure that they have also learned from their
participation.
2. give participants an opportunity to obtain the nature, results, and
conclusions of the research. We also take reasonable steps to correct any
misconceptions participants have about our research, especially when the participants
were led to believe that the research has a different purpose.
3. When participants’ trust may have been lost due to incomplete
disclosure or temporarily leading participants to believe that the research had
a different purpose, we seek to reestablish trust and assure them that the
research procedures were carefully structured and necessary for scientifically
valid findings.
4. If scientific or humane values justify delaying or withholding this
information, we take reasonable measures to reduce the risk of harm.
5. When we become aware that our research procedures have harmed a
participant, we act to correct and minimize the harm.
6. If after debriefing, the participants decided to withdraw their
data, we shall respect and grant their request. The participants have the right
to appeal that their own data, including recordings, be destroyed.
I. Observational Research
We respect the privacy and psychological well-being of persons studied
based on observational
research. This method is acceptable only when those being observed
would expect to be observed
by strangers.
K. Reporting Research Results
1. consult with groups, organizations, or communities being studied the
findings of our research so as to increase the accuracy of interpretation and
to minimize the risk of misunderstanding, misinterpretation or misuse.
2. when reporting results of our
research regarding vulnerable groups or communities and we ensure that the
results will not be misinterpreted or misused in the development of social
policy, attitude, and practices.
3. research involving children, we are cautious when discussing the
results with parents, legal guardians, or teachers and we make sure that there
is no misinterpretation or misunderstanding.
4. We do not fabricate data.
5. If we discover significant errors in our published data, we act
quickly to correct such errors in a correction, retraction, erratum, or other
appropriate publication means.
L. Plagiarism
- not present any portions of other’s work or data as our own, even if
the source is cited occasionally.
M. Publication Credit
1. credit only for work we have
actually done and credit others (including students and research assistants)
for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially
contributed.
2. principal authorship and
co-authorship accurately reflect the relative scientific or professional
contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their relative status.
- Mere possession of an institutional position, such as department
chair or head of the research unit, does not justify authorship credit.
- Minor contributions to the research or to the writing for
publications must be acknowledged appropriately, such as in footnotes or an
introductory statement.
3. do not claim credit or authorship in a publication that is
substantially based on our student’s thesis or dissertation if we do not have
substantial contributions to the research beyond our regular duties as
thesis/dissertation mentor or advisor. As faculty advisors, we should discuss
with students, publication credit at the outset and throughout the research and
publication process based on our relative contributions to the research work.
4. In a multiple-authored article that is partly and/or substantially
based on the student’s thesis or dissertation, we shall give appropriate
publication credit to the student based on the student’s contribution relative
to the other authors. When the article is mainly based on the student’s thesis
or dissertation, we credit the student with primary authorship.
N. Duplicate Publication of
Data
- not publish data that have been previously published and claim them
as original data.
- in republishing of data proper acknowledgement is clearly stated.
O. Sharing Research Data for
Verification
- duty to share and not to withhold data to other competent
professionals, who seek to verify and reanalyze the research results and
substantive claims of our publication, provided that:
1. the latter obtain
prior written agreement for the use of data;
2. the latter intend
to use the data solely for the purpose declared;
3. the latter will
hold responsibility for costs associated with the release of data; and,
4. confidentiality
of participants can be protected.
- Unless legal rights concerning proprietary data preclude such
release, then the latter should seek
permission from the concerned institution, organization or agency.
P. Reviewers
review material submitted for presentation, publication, grant, or
research proposal review - respect the
confidentiality and the proprietary rights of those who submitted it.
Q. Limitations of the Study
1. acknowledge the limitations of our knowledge, methods, findings,
interventions, interpretations, and conclusions.
2. research touches on social policies and structures of communities which
we do not belong, we thoroughly discuss the limits of our data with respect to
their social policy.
3. not to conceal disconfirming evidence about findings and views and
acknowledge alternative hypotheses and explanations.
Related links:
http://psychometricpinas.blogspot.com/2014/08/revisiting-code-of-ethics-for.html
http://psychometricpinas.blogspot.com/2014/08/universal-declaration-of-ethical.html
(First posted on 8-25-2014 {h=656} )
